AIR - Air Pollution Linked To Autism

Without a doubt, autism is receiving more and more scientific and popular attention as we move further into the 21st century. A new study has added to our knowledgebase by showing that various sources of air pollution are associated with autism.

The study, published in the journal Archives of General Psychiatry and headed by Heather Volk, Ph.D., assistant professor of preventive medicine at the Keck School of Medicine and investigator in the Division of Research on Children, Youth and Families at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, demonstrates for the first time that exposure to traffic-related air pollution during pregnancy and during the first year of life is associated with a more than two-fold risk of autism.
Additionally, exposure to regional pollution consisting of nitrogen dioxide and small particles is also associated with autism, even if the mother lives nowhere near a busy road.

"This work has broad potential public health implications," said Volk. "We've known for a long time that air pollution is bad for our lungs, and especially for children. We're now beginning to understand how air pollution may affect the brain."
Volk's research is the first to look at the amount of near-roadway traffic-pollution that individuals have been exposed to and combine that statistic with the measure of regional air quality. Volk notes that the research builds upon previous work she and colleagues conducted, looking at how close subjects lived to a freeway.
"We took into account how far away people lived from roads, meteorology such as which way the wind was blowing, how busy the road was, and other factors to study traffic-related pollution," she said. "We also examined data from air quality monitors, which measure pollution over a larger region that could come from traffic, industry, rail yards, or many other sources."

The study looked at data on 279 autism cases and 245 control subjects enrolled in the California-based Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study. Based on the addresses of mothers, the researchers estimated exposure during each trimester of pregnancy and the first year of life.
Source: Keck School of Medicine of USC
Image Source: Thomanication (some rights reserved)
Air Pollution Linked To Autism was originally published on: CleanTechnica

http://cleantechnica.com/2012/11/28/air-pollution-linked-to-autism/

AIR - New Online Tool Helps Calculate Benefit Of Reducing Air Pollution

Abt Associates launched a new online tool this week that allows large and medium-sized cities the opportunity to calculate the health benefits and monetary value of implementing air quality improvements.
AirCounts is an interactive website that enables anyone to discover how many premature deaths could be avoided as well as the additional economic benefits from reducing emissions.

"As cities across the globe begin establishing climate change policies and programs that include improving air quality, they will need to answer questions about which health benefits and corresponding economic value can be realized from those programs," said Mike Conti, vice president of the Environment & Resources Division of Abt Associates, adding "AirCounts can deliver those answers."
Abt Associates conducted a case study of Mexico City using the new tool, which can be seen in full here.
The results found that eliminating 2.8 tonnes of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) would result in the prevention of one premature death at a cost of $1.8 million USD.

Conti said AirCounts framework can be used to calculate such public health benefits as decreased cardiovascular and respiratory problems, also associated with PM_2.5 emissions. In addition, Abt can develop customized analyses for virtually any geographic area and can incorporate time as an analytical dimension.
Source: Abt Associates
New Online Tool Helps Calculate Benefit Of Reducing Air Pollution was originally published on: CleanTechnica

http://cleantechnica.com/2012/11/27/new-online-tool-helps-calculate-benefit-of-reducing-air-pollution/

BIRDS - 50 Forgotten Bird Songs Play in a Sydney Alley

An art installation in Australia reminds us of the destructive force of urbanization.
http://www.treehugger.com/culture/50-forgotten-bird-songs-play-sydney-alley.html

BIRDS - Light Pollution May Actually Help Some Migratory Birds

According to new research, coastal light pollution may help migratory birds forage for food during their typically lean wintering period.
http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/light-pollution-may-actually-help-some-migratory-birds.html

BOOKS - ITN amplifies citizen video journalism with TruthLoader

From the producer behind the UK's biggest nightly commercial TV newscasts, comes an interesting experiment leveraging online networks and amateur video.
ITN Productions, which makes ITV News and Channel 4 News, has launched TruthLoader - a YouTube channel that will showcase amateur footage from hotspots around the world and whose own investigations will be led by discussion in a subreddit (group) on the Reddit community.

TruthLoader, the latest online video channel launched by the traditionally TV-led news agency, is funded by YouTube's originals program (which gives UK producers up to £500,000) and brings a video spin to a "citizen journalism" construct that has conventionally been focused on text and still images.
"Citizen" video contributions are identified by Storyful.
Presenter Phil Harper will also host a weekly live video debate with citizen journalists over Google Hangouts and Skype.
TruthLoader's challenge will be to bring a degree of measure, fact and balance to much of the raw footage it gets, for example, from protest spots in the Middle East, where some video footage nowadays attempts to paint a misleading picture of events and which large news organizations spend time validating. Often, footage is not just from "citizens" but active participants in stories.

Release (via Journalism.co.uk).

http://paidcontent.org/2012/11/27/itn-amplifies-citizen-video-journalism-with-truthloader/

BOOKS - NYT editor unsure if reporters are print or digital - and that's a good thing

The executive editor of the New York Times, Jill Abramson, does not fetishize print newspapers and says the NYT's editorial integrity is as strong as ever. Her remarks suggested that, despite financial hiccups and a mini-contretemps over a new CEO, the celebrated publication's day-to-day operations are in good hands.
Abramson, who has been in the job for a year, made the remarks during a freewheeling interview with Henry Blodget at Business Insider's Ignition conference in New York Tuesday. She offered a frank and confident appraisal of the Times and the evolving business of news.
In response to a question about how the Times divides up the newsroom between print and digital reporters, Abramson says most staff no longer fit into one category or the other. She does not oversee "the paper" or "the web" but rather a global product she calls simply "the news report."
"There was too much focus in the past on the print product," said Abramson. "[We] now make sure energy is 24/7 and not focused on newspaper deadlines and rhythms."
This is a relief to hear because, from a business perspective, the Times has recently been relying on price hikes to its print paper to make up for cratering ad revenue. The price increases, however, provide at best a medium-term solution. Abramson acknowledged as much, noting that when she taught journalism classes at Yale, none of her students read paper newspapers.
Abramson's pragmatism improves the Times' chances of developing the right longterm digital strategy which, for now, relies heavily on an imperfect paywall model. Her presence may also help the Times preserve its role as a news authority at a time when many once-mighty news brands are rapidly waning.
The interview also provided some personal color. Abramson, who grew up on New York's Upper West Side with parents who had two NYT subscriptions, said she is regularly accosted by fellow dog walkers over the Times' Sunday Review.

http://paidcontent.org/2012/11/28/new-york-times-editor-unsure-if-reporters-are-print-or-digital-and-thats-a-good-thing/

CLIMATE - Arctic sea ice larger than US melted this year

(AP)-An area of Arctic sea ice bigger than the United States melted this year, according the U.N. weather agency, which said the dramatic decline illustrates that climate change is happening "before our eyes."

http://phys.org/news273342021.html

CLIMATE - Everything You Need to Know About Global Climate Negotiations in a Video and a Chart

Watch, look, and be up to speed.

http://www.treehugger.com/environmental-policy/everything-you-need-know-about-global-climate-negotiations-video-and-chart.html

CLIMATE - New study shows how climate change could affect entire forest ecosystems

The fog comes in, and a drop of water forms on a pine needle, rolls down the needle, and falls to the forest floor. The process is repeated over and over, on each pine needle of every tree in a forest of Bishop pines on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of Santa Barbara. That fog drip helps the entire forest ecosystem stay alive.

http://phys.org/news273326338.html

CLIMATE - Scientists develop new approach to support future climate projections

Scientists have developed a new approach for evaluating past climate sensitivity data to help improve comparison with estimates of long-term climate projections developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

http://phys.org/news273327347.html

EARTH - Ancient Microbes Survived 3,000 Years Without Light or Air

Researchers in Antarctica have found an ancient bacteria thriving in one of the continent's least hospitable ecosystems, a discovery that may change our understanding of what's needed to support life.

http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/ancient-microbes-survived-3000-years-without-light-or-air.html

ECONOMICS - Digital Business: How Technology Will Support Growth

By Mark P. McDonald and Andy Rowsell-Jones

http://www.forbes.com/sites/gartnergroup/2012/11/28/digital-business-how-technology-will-support-growth/

EDUCATION - Have an idea for a great guest post? Here's what you need to know

While most of the pieces that we publish on GigaOM and paidContent are staff-written, every week we run a handful of posts by guest contributors. The authors are at the center of the industries and trends we cover - they are corporate executives, technologists, VCs, entrepreneurs and thinkers - and they offer fresh and timely insights about emerging technology topics. These pieces are an important part of what we offer readers, and they often stir up great discussion on and off the site.
So how do these guest posts come to be? Every week, we get dozens of emails asking us that very question. Some of the emails include story pitches, others simply want to know more about the process for contributing articles. So, below, we've provided answers to the most commonly asked questions. Take a minute to read through this - hopefully it will clear up any confusion. We look forward to seeing your submissions.

The purpose of guest posts

Similar to op-eds, guest posts are unpaid, bylined articles by our readers. They're a place for you and other industry experts to discuss what keeps you up at night - and gets you going in the morning. What are you most optimistic, or concerned, about right now? What do you find yourself excitedly talking about over beers with your colleagues? Which new technologies do you think will change the world? And how will they have this impact? This is what we want to hear about.
CEOs, VCs and startup founders look to our guest posts to have their own ideas challenged, to discover new technologies or better solutions to their business problems, and to learn something that they couldn't learn elsewhere. They're not interested in hearing the conventional wisdom on well-covered issues (no matter how masterfully crafted the piece is). So stop haranguing your spouse and co-workers with your brilliant idea, and share your contrarian viewpoints with us.

What to include - and not include - in a guest post

Aim for about 800 words. That's not a lot of room, so stay focused on one main idea. Clearly make your case in a sentence or so in the first or second paragraph. And then back it up throughout the rest of the post, with examples, data points, anecdotes or other evidence. To put it bluntly, our readers have a really high bullshit detector. So your article needs to provide fresh, well-articulated insight into a topic that is important to them.
Guest posts should not be overly formal. Avoid jargon, acronyms and highfalutin words. Cut out the middleman (sorry, publicists) and write in your natural-speaking voice. It's your name in the byline - it should sound like it was written by you.

No self-promotional posts

We want to hear your insider take on things, but we won't run anything that is either explicitly or implicitly self-promotional. Guest posts aren't a platform to tell us how great your company or industry is - the purpose of the posts is to enlighten readers and provoke them to think about important and topical issues/questions in new ways.
We're very strict about all potential conflicts of interest. If you (or the company that you work for) have had any relationship - paid or unpaid - with any company mentioned in the story, you need to clearly disclose the nature of that relationship within the post and in the two- or three-sentence bio at the end of the piece. This includes (but is not limited to) partners, customers and advisors.
We prefer to receive guest posts as .txt or Word docs, with any links to outside sources pasted below the relevant paragraph.

Is there an editing process?

Yes, guest posts go through our regular editing process. We'll add comments and questions to your first draft. We might move a few paragraphs around, so that the ideas flow better, or change the wording here and there to add clarity. We will send you the final text before we publish the piece to make sure that we didn't alter your meaning in the edits. We never publish an article without getting the author's approval first. Please note, however, that we do not fact-check guest posts, so you are solely responsible for the factual accuracy of the post.
After we get your okay, we will slate it for publication. GigaOM retains all publishing rights to contributor posts, and we ask that the content not be published elsewhere - either before or after we publish it.
But your role doesn't end when we hit publish. Like all posts on GigaOM and paidContent, our guest posts are meant to be part of an ongoing conversation. After the post is published, we expect you to jump in and engage with readers.

How to pitch a post

Send your pitches to guestpost@gigaom.com. If your guest post is connected to a news story, or is time sensitive for any other reason, please say so in the subject heading. Because of the volume of pitches we get, we can't respond to all of them. If you don't hear back from us within two weeks, you can assume that we won't be taking the piece, and we'll understand when you run it with a different publication.
If you've already written the post, of course, include it in the pitch. If you haven't, please include the following information in your pitch email:

1. A sentence or two - or short paragraph - explaining the point of the piece.
2. A sentence or two outlining how you you will tell your story or prove your thesis.
3. A sentence or two telling us why now. What is the larger context for the article? What is happening in the industry that makes this post particularly important to our readers today?
4. A sentence or two with your bio, including where you currently work and your relevant background. Why should people listen to what you have to say about the proposed topic?

http://gigaom.com/2012/11/28/have-an-idea-for-a-great-guest-post-heres-what-you-need-to-know/

ENERGY - A startup that squeezes electricity out of city water

The water that sloshes through city pipes can both quench your thirst and generate electricity. However, the latter is far less common. But that's the proposition from startup Rentricity, which has developed equipment that uses water pressure to produce electricity and helps water suppliers reduce their energy costs.
The New York City-based company was the runner-up for the grand prize in this year's Cleantech Open competition and has seen its technology installed at two water treatment plants in the Pittsburgh region and one in Keene, New Hampshire. Its biggest project, its fourth one, is scheduled to come online in the first quarter of 2013 in the Palos Verdes area of Los Angeles County.
Finding multiple uses for the same resource is a good thing. It maximizes resources and reduces waste, especially if the resources are difficult to come by or finite. More advanced natural gas power plants, for example, use waste heat from gas turbines to generate steam and produce more electricity on site. Some solar technology also uses waste heat produced by solar cells to heat up water.
Rentricity's technology makes use of the highly pressured water that flows through pipes to be delivered to neighborhoods. After leaving the treatment plant, water typically goes through the water utility equivalent of substations (concrete underground regulator vaults) where the flow and pressure are reduced as the water gets ready to enter the smaller pipes of homes and businesses.

The company's technology includes a reverse pump, a generator, and controllers that would typically be installed at a water treatment plant or underground vaults. The pump harnesses the highly pressurized water and sends that through the generator to produce electricity. The controllers monitor and manage the valves and make sure the electricity moves on to the grid.
"We can monitor, control and optimize the pressure in the system so that we can get the most electricity potential out of the system," said Frank Zammataro, the company's CEO and founder.
The gear is designed to handle pipes from 10-inch to 36-inch in diameter; the generators range from 30 KW to 350 KW. Rentricity also has designed equipment in the 5-30 KW range in a partnership with water pump and treatment equipment maker Xylem. The two companies are looking at demonstrating the new gear in two sites, located in Pennsylvania and Nova Scotia, Canada.
Rentricity's intellectual property lies in the control system, Zammataro said. Rentricity also can install flow and pressure sensors that collect data and detect leakage for water utilities, particularly if the water treatment systems are located in remote areas.
The company is targeting selling its technology to water utilities at the moment, though it would like to see its equipment installed at industrial sites that use a lot of water, such as pharmaceutical plants, food and beverage factories or mining operations.

Knowing that the upfront financing is often a hurdle for new infrastructure technology - especially for municipal water utilities - Rentricity began offering financing options to customers earlier this year. The financing makes the company the sole or co-owner of the power generation equipment for the 30-40 years of expected lifespan of the gear or until the water utilities pay to own it. In return, Rentricity gets a share of the revenue from selling the electricity. Zammataro said he's talked with three fund managers who are interested in providing the money for the installations, but he declined to name them.
Rentricity has signed a letter of agreement to finance a 100 KW system with the city of Albany, New York, Zammataro said, and is now in the process of doing due diligence. The company hasn't finalized the budget for the project but estimates that it could cost somewhere between $500,000 and $1 million.
Rentricity, the name of which is a mash up of "renewable" and "electricity," was founded in 2003. But the company was a "part time project" for the three co-founders, Zammataro said. It wasn't until 2008 when the company began to market its technology to water utilities in earnest, he said, that the project became a full time gig. Rentricity has been self-funded and raised $1.5 million from friends, family and government grants. The company is working on raising a $3.5 million round.

http://gigaom.com/cleantech/a-startup-that-squeezes-electricity-out-of-city-water/

ENERGY - Breakthrough could help optimize capture of sugars for biofuels

(Phys.org)-Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) combined different microscopic imaging methods to gain a greater understanding of the relationships between biomass cell wall structure and enzyme digestibility, a breakthrough that could lead to optimizing sugar yields and lowering the costs of making biofuels. A paper on the breakthrough, "How Does Plant Cell Wall Nanoscale Architecture Correlate with Enzymatic Digestibility?" appears in the current issue of Science magazine.

http://phys.org/news273221155.html

ENERGY - Off-The-Grid Mansions

From geothermal systems to solar panels, these "green" abodes offer owners the opportunity to unplug from the electrical grid.

http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ehim45gmjl/introduction/

ENVIRONMENT - Fracking in Michigan: Researchers study potential impact on health, environment, economy

University of Michigan researchers are conducting a detailed study of the potential environmental and societal effects of hydraulic fracturing, the controversial natural gas drilling process known as fracking.

http://phys.org/news273326201.html

HOMES - D*Haus Designs D*Dynamic, Origami-Inspired, Shape-Changing House

Yeah, that title could be a little confusing. But it probably also gives you a sense of the unique awesomeness that's about to come....

D*Haus' D*Dynamic Origami-Inspired Shape Changing House (via Green Building Elements)

Architecture in origami form is a remarkable concept which is hard to envision but D*Haus has come up with a house design that follows the very dynamics of the paper folding art. D*Haus' transformation house, D*Dynamic, has yet to be built but the conception is likely to take hold. They have designed...

---

D*Haus Designs D*Dynamic, Origami-Inspired, Shape-Changing House was originally published on: CleanTechnica

http://feeds.importantmedia.org/~r/IM-cleantechnica/~3/NA7x9MAiTXM/

http://cleantechnica.com/2012/11/28/dhaus-designs-ddynamic-origami-inspired-shape-changing-house/

HOMES - Designer Lives and Works in 271 Square Foot Brooklyn Apartment

It's based on Disneyland's Swiss Family Robinson Treehouse. Really.

http://www.treehugger.com/interior-design/designer-lives-and-works-271-square-foot-brooklyn-apartment.html

MUSIC - The Power of Diversity: Innovation In A Song

The next time someone questions the value of diversity, tell'em to go whistle up a tune; Autumn in New York to be specific. This rather modest "jazz standard" is a microcosm of how diversity adds to the creativity of a society.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/billfischer/2012/11/28/the-power-of-diversity-innovation-in-a-song/

PEOPLE - For Winning The Nobel Prize, Niels Bohr Got A House With Free Beer

Niels Bohr is one of the greatest scientists who ever lived and a personal hero of mine. He was also a favorite of his fellow Danes when he lived in Copenhagen. Today, however, I found out just how much they loved him. Apparently, after he won the Nobel Prize in 1922, the Carlsberg brewery gave him a gift - a house located next to the brewery. And the best perk of the house? It had a direct pipeline to the brewery so that Bohr had free beer on tap whenever he wanted.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2012/11/28/for-winning-the-nobel-prize-niels-bohr-got-a-house-with-free-beer/

PERMACULTURE - How to Use a Raised Garden Bed as a Compost Bin

This neat little trick is an efficient way to keep fallow garden beds fertile.
http://www.treehugger.com/lawn-garden/how-use-your-raised-garden-bed-compost-bin.html

PLANTS - Tiny algae shed light on photosynthesis as a dynamic property

Many of the world's most important photosynthetic eukaryotes such as plants got their light-harnessing organelles (chloroplasts) indirectly from other organisms through endosymbiosis. In some instances, this resulted in algae with multiple, distinct genomes, some in residual organelles (nucleomorphs). To better understand why nucleomorphs persist after endosymbiosis, an international team including researchers at the DOE Joint Genome Institute collaborated to sequence and analyze two tiny algae. Their report appeared online Nov. 29, 2012 in Nature.

http://phys.org/news273326736.html

SCIENCE - New experiments challenge fundamental understanding of electromagnetism

(Phys.org)-A cornerstone of physics may require a rethink if findings at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are confirmed. Recent experiments suggest that the most rigorous predictions based on the fundamental theory of electromagnetism-one of the four fundamental forces in the universe, and harnessed in all electronic devices-may not accurately account for the behavior of atoms in exotic, highly charged states.

http://phys.org/news273318366.html

SCIENCE - Unexpected data from the Large Hadron Collider suggest the collisions may be producing a new type of matter

Collisions between protons and lead ions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have produced surprising behavior in some of the particles created by the collisions. The new observation suggests the collisions may have produced a new type of matter known as color-glass condensate.

http://phys.org/news273220389.html

SOLAR - Cost Of Solar Systems In US Continues To Decline

A new report from the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has shown that the installed price of solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems across the United States fell substantially in 2011 and continued the decline through the first half of 2012, supplanting solar as an integral part of the American economy and mindshare.

The news was reported in the latest edition of Tracking the Sun, an annual PV cost-tracking report released by Berkeley Lab.

The report found that the median installed price of residential and commercial PV systems which were completed in 2011 fell by approximately 11-14% from the year before.

Additionally, prices in California fell by an additional 3-7% within the first six months of 2012.

The drop in price for installed systems is due in part to the massive reduction in PV module prices, which have been falling dramatically since 2008, and part of the reason why balance of system manufacturers are now accounting for 68 percent of the total costs for the average PV project.

Even though balance of system is making up a higher percentage of project costs, overall prices have fallen. The report notes that non-module costs such as balance of system, labour, marketing, overhead, and inverters have all fallen significantly over time.

"The drop in non-module costs is especially important," notes report co-author Ryan Wiser of Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, "as these costs can be most readily influenced by local, state, and national policies aimed at accelerating deployment and removing market barriers."

The median installed price of PV systems installed throughout 2011 was $6.10 per watt (W) for residential and small commercial systems less than 10 kilowatts (kW) in size, and was $4.90/W for larger commercial systems of 100 kW or more in size, whereas utility-sector PV systems which are larger than 2,000 kW in size averaged $3.40/W in 2011.

Report co-author Galen Barbose, also of Berkeley Lab, stresses the importance of keeping these numbers in context, noting that "these data provide a reliable benchmark for systems installed in the recent past, but prices have continued to decline over time, and PV systems being sold today are being offered at lower prices."

The authors of the report also believe that US PV prices will continue to drop as a result of large-scale deployment programs, but that other factors are also important in achieving installed price reductions.

There were variations in the PV system pricing when compared across states. The median installed price of PV systems less than 10 kW in size that were completed during 2011 ranged from $4.90/W to $7.60/W depending on which state they were being constructed in.

Additionally, the report shows that PV installed prices are good indicators of economies of scale, with the median price for systems smaller than 2 kW coming in at $7.70/W while the median price for a large commercial system greater than 1,000 kW in size was only $4.50/W. Utility-scale systems larger than 10,000 kW were even lower, with most systems ranging from $2.80/W to $3.50/W.



Sadly, as the cost of installed PV systems have fallen, so have the incentives. According to the report, the median pre-tax value of such cash incentives ranged from $0.90/W to $1.20/W for systems installed in 2011, depending on system size. But these numbers have decreased by roughly 80% over the past ten years, and by a massive 21-43% from just 2010 to 2011.

The report, Tracking the Sun V: An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to 2011, by Galen Barbose, Naïm Darghouth, and Ryan Wiser, may be downloaded from: http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/LBNL-5919e-REPORT.pdf.

Source: Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Cost Of Solar Systems In US Continues To Decline was originally published on: CleanTechnica

http://feeds.importantmedia.org/~r/IM-cleantechnica/~3/gyET-a-Ku00/

http://cleantechnica.com/2012/11/27/cost-of-solar-systems-in-us-continues-to-decline/

SOLAR - MIT Researchers Propose Solar Energy Funnel to Produce More Electricity from Sunlight

The concept would use an exceptionally thin stretched material to capture a broader spectrum of sunlight's energy.

http://www.treehugger.com/solar-technology/mit-researchers-propose-solar-energy-funnel-produce-more-electricity-sunlight.html

SOLAR - New Concentrating Solar Power Storage Material From Yara

Yara International is a Norway-based company focused on sustainable environmental and agricultural solutions. The company recently made an announcement about a breakthrough technology used in concentrated solar power. Below is an interview with Emilio Iglesias Sola, a Yara business manager.

What about your use of potassium calcium nitrate is new and unique?

This is the first time that potassium calcium nitrate has been used in the concentrated solar power (CSP) market, and therefore opens up many opportunities for utility-scale growth.
Calcium nitrate is not new; it has been used in other industries and application for years. What is unique is that our new potassium calcium nitrate grade - patent-pending - has been specifically developed to meet the performance demands of the solar thermal power industry. Our researchers identified a challenge related to heat storage using existing molten salts available in the market, and applied Yara's chemistry expertise to overcome this obstacle.
At its core, this reflects what Yara does every day. With over 100 years of experience in nitrogen-based applications, we provide products and integrated solutions using nitrogen - one of the building blocks of life - and help make the world a better place by optimizing industrial processes and environmental compliance. For instance, our diesel exhaust fluid helps abate harmful nitrous oxides from heavy-duty trucks.
What practical advantages are there to using it and the way you are using it?
In addition to cost advantages, the new potassium calcium nitrate offers plant engineers and operators technical advantages:
First, the properties of potassium calcium nitrate bring down the melting point of the molten salt mix, a huge improvement for all CSP technology. For plants using parabolic trough technology with thermal oil and thermal storage, the current temperature range is 290ºC to 390ºC. Thermal oil's maximum temperature is 400ºC. The new ternary salts using potassium calcium nitrate have a wider Tª (131-560ºC). The wider temperature range and significantly lower melting point means plants have more storage time and require less molten salt to function. In addition, the lower melting point helps owners prevent blockage caused by molten salt solidification, which can be very costly in terms of plant down-time and repairs.
We've also seen the market develop a trend to avoid thermal oil as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) for several reasons, including thermal oil is more expensive, not environmentally friendly and requires an (often expensive) heat exchanger between the oil and the molten salt. The broader temperature range of the new ternary salts using potassium calcium nitrate allows for new lower working temperatures, and provides a higher turbine yield when working at higher temperatures.
Finally, our new potassium calcium nitrate is much less corrosive than common calcium nitrate grades. It also contains fewer impurities than common grades of calcium nitrate. More pure and less corrosive, Yara's synthetic molecule helps reduce corrosion of plant components, related maintenance costs and safety issues.
Your use of potassium calcium nitrate is said to be more cost effective, how much more cost effective is it and why?
The price of Yara's new potassium calcium nitrate is more competitive than that of potassium and sodium nitrate, offering significant CAPEX reductions in the purchase of the nitrates during plant construction. Not only is potassium calcium nitrate very competitively priced, but given the wider temperature range noted earlier, less salts need to be purchased overall.
As the world's largest nitrates producer, our global scale and production efficiencies mean we can provide the product to our customers at an even lower rate than our competitors to anywhere in the world.
Based on size of the plant (which determines the volumes of molten salts required during construction) and the current price of potassium and sodium nitrate, we can estimate a wide range of total capital expense savings. Additionally, due to the potassium nitrate (KNO3) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) price trends, we anticipate savings for customers using our potassium calcium nitrate will increase over the coming years.
It is these cost savings, along with operational expenses, that we believe will make solar thermal more profitable for plant operators and investors, significantly improving the commercial viability of CSP.
Is your new technology currently operating in CSP facilities, if so, where, and if not, where might it be employed soon?
We have advanced negotiations with several companies, although due to Non-Disclosure Agreements I am not at liberty to share more. That said, the product is ready for sale today and we anticipate the first plant running our proposal will come out of field tests in 2014.
In which parts of the world do you expect it to be used first and why?
The United States and Spain, the countries with the most advanced CSP development, will be the places where this technology is first implemented.
Going forward, we anticipate the next large area of CSP growth to come from the US for several reasons:

• First, the US has the potential to offer better yields than Spain. Land availability and better radiation locations will allow plant managers to develop larger, more-efficient CSP plants which will lower costs and produce better yields.
• Secondly, the US currently has a renewable energy pool policy, which is a good political and social environment to develop CSP plants.

How long can potassium calcium nitrate be used before its storage potential is exhausted?
Thermal storage using nitrates lasts the whole lifetime of the CSP plant, which is about 30 years.



Are there limits to how much you can produce?
As the world's largest nitrates producer, Yara can produce more than enough potassium calcium nitrate to meet the needs of the solar thermal market. Although the volumes of molten salts needed for the CSP sector are set to surge, they remain only a fraction of Yara's production capacity. Our global production platform and international supply chain can currently support the US and Spanish CSP markets, as well as future CSP markets in China, North Africa, India and Australia.
What is the future of concentrated solar power and what does this breakthrough development mean for the global solar power industry?
Two things have always plagued the utility-scale adoption of solar power: storage and cost. Concentrated solar power technology solved the first issue, by providing a way to store thermal energy and provide on-demand, reliable electricity from the sun, even after dark, when demand for electricity peaks. This allows CSP to be baseload, something PV and wind power cannot achieve in any scalable way at the moment. It also will enable CSP to achieve grid parity with its traditional gas, coal and nuclear counterparts.
The next generation of molten salts using Yara's potassium calcium nitrate address the second and final barrier, making utility-scale CSP plants less costly to construct and more profitable for plant operators and investors - for the first time, CSP will be commercially viable.
How did Yara's commitment to innovation lead to the identification of this new grade of CN, developed specially for heat storage and transfer applications?
Through ongoing R&D, we identified a new grade of potassium calcium nitrate with promising thermal properties, and developed it specifically for heat storage and transfer applications. We then tested the CSP application in partnership with Universidad Complutense de Madrid in Spain.
As noted earlier, Yara has over 100 years of experience in nitrogen-based applications. Ongoing R&D is an important part of our commitment to "shape" the industry, and as the market develops in the coming years, we will continue to follow this track.
Image Credit: Yara International
New Concentrating Solar Power Storage Material From Yara was originally published on: CleanTechnica

http://feeds.importantmedia.org/~r/IM-cleantechnica/~3/KikI886ixqA/
http://cleantechnica.com/2012/11/27/new-concentrating-solar-power-storage-material-from-yara/